What a URL slug is
The slug is the human-readable part of a URL after the domain — the words after the last slash. For SEO it's a free relevance signal: a slug like /best-light-roast-coffee tells Google and a reader exactly what the page is about, while /post?id=4827 tells them nothing.
Slugs are also a permanent commitment. Changing one breaks every link pointing at the page unless you add a redirect, so getting it right the first time matters more than for most on-page elements.